03/11/2017

Working of Auto transformer, Saving in Copper Material

  • It consists of only single winding which is common to both primary and secondary winding
  • It has two end terminals ( PR) acts as primary and one end terminal ( either P or R ) and inter mediate terminal Q acts as a secondary winding ( Figure A ). 
  • The position of the intermediate terminal Q determines whether auto – transformer works as step down transformer or step up transformer.
  • The theory and operation of the auto - transformer is similar to that of conventional two winding transformer
  • The auto transformer is cheaper than the ordinary transformer because of single winding uses less copper than the two winding. 
  • Since the voltage / turn is equal in both winding, the voltage develops across each winding depends on number of turns.
 auto-transformer.png

  • Figure B shows a step down transformer in which PQ winding acts as a primary having N1 turns and QR winding acts as a secondary winding consists of N2 turns. 
  • If the supply voltage V1 is given to primary winding

Induced emf per turn ( Et ) = V1 / N1
As we know that the value of Et is same for both winding

Secondary voltage V2 = Et × N2
      

auto-transformer-as-step-down-transformer.png
Saving of Copper in Auto transformer as step down transformer
  • The weight of winding material ( Copper ) is proportional to the length and area of cross section of the conductors.

       W a Volume of material
       W a ( a × L )
  • The cross section of the conductor depends on current ( I ) and length of conductors is proportional to the number of turns ( N ). 
  • Therefore the weight of copper is directly proportional to ampere - turns ( NI ).

Weight of the copper in the ordinary transformer ( WO ) = N1I1 + N2I2
Weight of copper in the auto transformer ( Wa ) =
Weight of copper in part PQ a I1 ( N1 – N2 )
Weight of copper in part QR a ( I2 – I1 ) N2
Total weight of copper in the auto transformer a I1 ( N1 – N2 ) + ( I2 – I1 )
                                                                                                                  N2
                                                                           a ( I1N1 + I2N2 – 2N2I1 )
Weight of copper in auto transformer ( Wa ) / Weight of copper in ordinary transformer ( WO ) =  ( I1N1 + I2N2 – 2N2I1 ) / ( I1N1 + I2N2 )
      = ( I1N1 + I1N1 – 2N2I1 ) / 2N1I1  ( As N1I1 = N2I2 )
      = ( 2I1N1 / 2I1N1 ) – ( 2N2I1 / 2I1N1 )
      = ( 1 ) – ( K )     ( As K = N2 / N1 = I1 / I2 )
      = 1 – K
Therefore Wa = ( 1 – K ) WO
Saving in Copper = WO – Wa
                           = WO – ( 1 – K ) WO
                           = KWO

  • Therefore the saving in copper material depends on the value of K ( Voltage transformation ratio ). 
  • Higher value of K, more saving in copper material

Saving of Copper in Auto transformer as Step up transformer


auto-transformer-as-step-up-transformer.png


Weight of the copper in the ordinary transformer ( WO ) = N1I1 + N2I2
Weight of copper in the auto transformer ( Wa ) =
Weight of copper in part PR a I2 ( N2 – N1 )
Weight of copper in part QR a ( I– I) N1
Total weight of copper in the auto transformer a I2 ( N2 – N1 ) + ( I– I)
                                                                                                                   N1
                                                                           a ( I1N1 + I2N2 – 2N1I2 )
Weight of copper in auto transformer ( Wa ) / Weight of copper in ordinary transformer ( WO ) = ( I1N1 + I2N2 – 2N1I2 ) / ( I1N1 + I2N2 )
       = ( I1N1 + I1N1 – 2N1I2 ) / 2N1I1  ( As N1I1 = N2I2 )
       = ( 2I1N1 / 2I1N1 ) – ( 2N1I2 / 2 N1I1 )
       = ( 1 ) – ( 1 / K )     ( As K = N2 / N1 = I1 / I2 )
       = ( 1 – 1 / K )
Therefore W= [ ( 1 – 1 / K ) ] WO
Saving in copper = WO – [ ( 1 – 1 / K ) ] WO
                           = [ 1 – 1 + 1 / K ] WO
                           = ( 1 / K ) WO
  • Therefore the saving in copper material depends on the value of 1 / K.
  • Lower value of K, more saving in copper material
Application
  • The auto – transformer is used for starting of synchronous motor and induction motor. Its winding is used only during starting period of the motor for a few seconds.
  • It is used as a furnace transformer for getting suitable supply voltage for furnace winding from 230 V supply.
  • It is used as laboratory equipment to get suitable supply voltage as per requirement.
  • To compensate the small voltage drop in a distribution cable by giving small voltage boost.
  • It may be used as interconnecting transformer in 132 kV / 66 kV supply system.
Connection of two winding transformer into Auto – transformer
  • The winding connection diagram of an auto transformer from two winding transformer may be as ( I ) Step down transformer ( II ) Step up transformer 

             two-winding-transformer.png


Conversion of Two winding Transformer into Step down Auto Transformer


conversion-of-two-winding-transformer-into-step-down-auto-transformer.png

Conversion of Two winding Transformer into Step up Auto Transformer
conversion-of-two-winding-transformer-into-step-up-auto-transformer.png

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