Illumination System : Diffraction, Excitation, Emission, Glare and Incandescence

Electromagnetic Radiation

• It is defined as the emission / transfer of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves associated with photons

Law of Magnetizing Force Between Two Magnetic Poles

Laws of Magnetizing Force

• Let us consider that the two magnet poles are placed in a medium. 
• The m₁ and m₂ is magnetic strength of the two poles, r is distance between them and µ is absolute permeability of the surrounding medium. The force ( F ) between them is

What do you mean by Stability Factor?

 Stability Factor

• The rate of change of collector current I_C with respect to collector leakage current I_CBO / I_CO ( In common base configuration ) at constant current amplification factor β and base current is known as stability factor ( S ).

Biasing Method : Voltage Divider Method

• This is most popular method of biasing and stabilization. 
• There are two resistance R1 and R2 is connected across supply voltage V_CC to provide biasing. The emitter resistance R_E provides stabilization.

Stabilization and Thermal Runaway in the Transistor

Stabilization

• The process of making the operating point independent on temperature changes and variation of other transistor parameters is called as Stabilization.

What is Biasing? Essential Condition For Biasing

Transistor biasing

• The proper flow of zero signal collector current and maintenance of proper V_CE ( collector to emitter ) voltage during entire AC signal is known as transistor biasing.

What do you mean by Faithful Amplification?

Faithful Amplification

• The raising of strength of input weak signal is called as amplification. The faithful amplification means amplification without change in shape ( output voltage ).