1
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At what principle the transformer operates?
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Principle
of transformer
- The transformer works on the principle of mutual
induction between two or more than two coils which are linked by common
magnetic flux.
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2
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What is main function of the core in the transformer?
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Function
of transformer core
- To reduce reluctance of the magnetic path
- To support the winding of the transformer
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3
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Why laminated core is used in the transformer?
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The laminated core is used in the transformer in
order to reduce eddy current loss.
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4
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Describe the difference between core type and shell
type transformer.
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Core type transformer
- The core is surrounded by the windings.
- Two windings are placed on the separate limbs but
actual they are interleaved to reduce leakage flux.
- Flux consists of single path.
- Generally ‘L’ type laminations are used.
- Coil may be circular/oval/rectangular are used in
small transformers because they provide better mechanical strength.
- Low voltage, high current application
- It provides better cooling for windings than shell
type construction.
Shell type transformer
- The windings are surrounded by the core.
- Two windings are placed on the central limbs
therefore the width of the central limbs is twice that of outer limbs.
- Flux divides into two paths.
- Generally ‘E’ and ‘I’ type laminations are used.
- Coil may be from wound or multilayer disc type.
- High voltage, low current application
- It provides better cooling for cores rather than
windings
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5
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Why core stepped is advantageous over square core in
the transformer?
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Stepped
core
- The small rectangular cores are used in the small
rating transformer but for large rating transformer it is wasteful to use
rectangle coils and therefore the cylindrical coils are used.
- Due to two stepped or cruciform cores, the diameter
of the circumscribing circle becomes smaller than that of square core of the
same area.
- This will result in length of mean turn of copper is reduced and
the consequent copper loss is also reduced.
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6
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Which type of winding is used in the shell type
transformer?
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Multi layer disc type or sandwich coil type
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7
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Define: Stacking factor
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Stacking
factor
- It is defined as the net cross sectional area of the
core to that gross cross sectional area of the core.
Stacking factor = Net area of the core / Gross area
of the core
- The net area of the core is always less than the
gross area of the core due to lamination and insulation of the core therefore
the value of the stacking factor always less than unity.
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8
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Why transformer winding must be rigidly braced with
core?
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Winding braced with core
- When a current is passing through the winding, force
of attraction is produced at the center of the core due to opposite direction
of the current.
- If the winding is not braced rigidly, there is possibility of
movement of winding and insulation damage.
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9
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Which are the losses occurs in the ideal
transformer?
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Ideal transformer
- There are no losses occurs in the ideal transformer
because the windings do not consists of ohmic resistance.
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10
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Why the direction of the flux and magnetizing
current is same?
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Direction of flux and
magnetizing current
- When a rated supply voltage is given to the primary
winding, the magnetizing current flows through the winding.
- This current produces flux which is proportional to
the current. Therefore the direction of flux and magnetizing current is same.
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11
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Describe the meaning of ‘ back emf ’ in the
transformer.
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Back emf in the transformer
- When supply voltage is given to the transformer
primary winding, self induced emf is produced in it.
- This emf is known as back emf of the transformer
primary winding.
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12
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Explain ‘ the volts / turns ratio is same for the
transformer’.
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EMF equation of the
Transformer
E = 4.44fN1Фm
Primary induced emf E1
4.44fN1Фm
Secondary induced emf E2
4.44fN2Фm
Therefore
E1 / N1 = E2 / N2
= 4.44f Фm= constant
- We can say that the volt per turn is constant for
the transformer winding.
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13
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What is direction of magnetizing current in the
ideal transformer when the secondary winding is open circuited?
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The winding coil is purely inductive in the ideal
transformer therefore the magnetizing current always 900 lagging
with respect to supply voltage.
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14
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What is meaning of the self induced emf and mutual
induced emf in the transformer?
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Self induced emf and
Mutual induced emf
- The induced emf in the transformer primary winding
is called as self induced emf whereas the induced emf in the secondary
winding is called as mutual induced emf.
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15
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Explain the term : Voltage transformation ratio and
turns ratio
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Voltage transformation
ratio
- It is the ratio of the secondary voltage to the
primary voltage.
K
= V2 / V1
Turns ratio
- It is defined as the ratio of the primary turns to
the secondary turns.
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16
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Give reason : The no load current Io is not 900
with respect to supply voltage
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The no load current Io is not 900
with respect to supply voltage due to inductance of the winding.
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17
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Describe the function of magnetizing current and
working iron loss component in the transformer.
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Function of magnetizing current
- The function of the magnetizing current is to
magnetize the core of the transformer.
Function of iron loss component
- The function of the working component of the no load
current is to supply no load losses in the transformer.
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18
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Why the no load current is very small percentage ( 1
to 2% ) to that of full load current in the transformer?
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No load current
- The core of the transformer is made of silicon steel
having low reluctance path therefore the no load current is only small
percentage of full load current.
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19
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Why magnetizing current is not represented by vector
quantity?
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The permeability of the core in the transformer
varies with the exciting current therefore the waveform of the magnetizing
current is not purely sinusoidal resulting it is not presented by vector
quantity.
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20
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Why copper loss is neglected during no load test in
the transformer?
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No load test
- As the no load current is
very small, the no load copper loss is negligible therefore the copper loss
is neglected during no load test in the transformer.
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