The
various losses occurring in DC machines can be given as follows.
(a)
Iron loss (Magnetic or Core Loss)
(b)
Copper Losses
- Armature Copper Loss
- Shunt Field copper loss
- Series field copper loss
(c)
Mechanical Losses
- Friction Loss
- Windage Loss
Iron Loss
The
iron losses are taking place continuously in the core of the armature due to
rotation of the core under the magnetic flux of the main field poles.
Hysteresis Loss
- This loss is due to rapid reversal of the magnetization of the armature core under the influence of main poles.
- When the armature rotates, it comes under the N – pole and S – pole of the main field winding thereby attaining S – pole and N – pole respectively.
- The armature core undergoes a complete cycle of magnetization reversal after passing through a pair of poles.
- The losses in the core of armature occur due to reversal of magnetization is known as hysteresis loss.
- The hysteresis loss according to the Steinmetz formula is given by
Wh = hBmax1.6fV
watt
Where
h = Steinmetz constant, depend upon the core material
Bmax = Maximum flux-density
in the core ( Weber / meter2 )
f = Frequency of the magnetisation
reversal ( Cycle / second )
V = Volume of the core material (
Meter3 )
- As we know that h and V are constant
Wh a Bmax1.6f
- It means that the hysteresis loss depends upon
( i )
Maximum flux density ( Bmax ) and
( ii )
Frequency of magnetization reversal ( f )
- ( According to Weber’s molecular theory of magnetization when core (magnetic) material is magnetized its molecules are forced along a straight path.
- Therefore some energy is spent during this process. If the core material does not possess any retentivity, the energy spent during straightening the molecules could be completely recovered by reducing magnetizing force to zero.
- It means that if the magnetic material possesses high retentivity, all the energy spent during straightening the molecules is not completely recovered when magnetizing force reduces to zero.
- The retentivity is responsible for hysteresis loss in this sense. )
Eddy Current Loss
- It is fact that an emf is induced in the rotating armature according to the Faraday'slaw of electromagnetic induction when it cuts the magnetic flux sets up by the main poles.
- This induced emf sets up current in the iron core.
- This current is responsible for eddy current loss. The flow of eddy current in the armature core is shown in the figure A.
- The Eddy current flows through the core resistance and thus produce power loss in the form of heat.
- The armature core is made up of one solid piece as shown in the Figure A.
- As the cross – section area of the core is very large, its resistance ( R α 1/a ) is very small resulting eddy current loss is very large.
- The armature core is built up of thin laminations as shown in the Figure B.
- These laminations are insulated from each other by a thin layer of paper or varnish or oxide layer.
- As the cross sectional area of each path is very small, its resistance is very large thereby reducing the eddy current loss.
- The eddy current loss is given by following equation
We
= K Bmax2 f2 t2 V2 Watt
Where
Bmax
= Maximum flux-density in the core ( Weber / meter2 )
t
= Thickness of lamination ( mm )
f
= Frequency of magnetic reversal ( Cycle / second )
V
= Volume of the core material ( Meter3 )
K
= Constant depend upon resistivity of the material.
= 1 / ρ
- Therefore the eddy current loss We a Bmax2 f2
Factors
affecting the eddy current loss
1. Frequency
- The eddy current loss is directly proportional to the square of the supply frequency.
2. Volume of the core
- The eddy current loss is directly proportional to the square of the volume of the core.
3. Maximum
flux density
- The eddy current loss is directly proportional to the square of the maximum flux density.
4. Thickness
of lamination
- The eddy current loss is directly proportional to the square of thickness of lamination. Lower the eddy current loss for thinner the lamination thickness.
5. Resistivity
of the material
- As the resistivity of material increases, the eddy current loss decreases.
How
to reduce Iron Loss ?
- The magnetic circuit particularly at low frequency will reduce the hysteresis loss as well as eddy current loss.
- Use of laminated cores reduces the eddy current loss.
- The silicon steel has narrow hysteresis loop and very high resistivity therefore it reduces the eddy current loss and also hysteresis loss.
- The core loss is reduced by reducing maximum flux density in the core material.
Copper Losses
- It depends upon the amount of current passing through winding and resistance of the winding.
Wcu
= I2 R
Armature copper loss
- The armature copper loss is given by
Wcu
= Ia2 Ra
Where
Ia = Armature current
Ra = Armature resistance
- As the armature copper loss is directly proportion to the square of the armature current it becomes four times for twice the armature current.
Shunt field copper loss
- The shunt field copper loss is given by
Wcu
= V Ish = Ish2 Rsh
Where
V = Supply voltage
Ish
= Shunt field current
Rsh
= Shunt field resistance
- This loss is practically constant due to shunt field current is almost constant in the DC Shunt machines.
Series
field copper loss
- The series field copper loss is given by
Wcu
= Ise2 Rse
Where
Ise = Series field current
Rse
= Resistance of series field winding.
Mechanical Losses
- Winding loss due to rotation of armature
- Friction loss occurs due to friction between brushes and commutator surface.
Stray
Losses
- The iron loss and mechanical losses are collectively known as stray losses.
- The shunt field copper loss is practically constant in the DC shunt and compound generators.
- Therefore constant losses
Wc
= Stray Losses + Shunt field copper loss
Total
Losses = Armature copper loss + Constant losses
=
Ia2Ra + WC
- Usually the copper losses are known as variable losses and iron losses are known as fixed or constant losses.
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